A
Lesson Plan for English Learners Regarding Verbs and Auxiliaries
Level
of the Study; 9th -10th
Composed
by; Habiba Kanwal (2014-908)
Zaib-un-Nisa (2014-904)
Qasim Mahmood (2014-907)
Saman Rasheed (2014-922)
Objectives;
Ø To
provide the students a better facility to correct their regular use of grammar
while using English language in their conversation.
Ø To
be more proficient in their academic results.
Ø To
make students of Matriculations more reliable in their judgments of regular
negotiation.
Ø To
maximize their accuracy in English grammar through regular uses of English
auxiliaries.
Ø To
get information of using technologies and tools for their learning purposes.
Ø To
teach students through the maximum use of learning instruments and tools for the
betterment of teaching and learning styles.
Use of Technical Tools;
Ø Multimedia,
White board, Printer, Audio-lingual aids, DVD players, Power head projectors,
and efficient use of social media;
“All these would be used to make students
to get the information more clearly through the videos and online lectures,
with different activities, performed by the teacher and also are practiced in
classrooms.”
Contents
of the plan:
v What is a Tense
v Three major types of Tenses
a)
Present
b)
Past
c)
Future
v Part;1
i)
`Present Simple
ii)
Use of Do, Does
iii) Use of Is, Am, Are
iv) Use of Has,
Have
v Part;2
i)
`Past Simple
ii)
Use of Did
iii) Use of Was,
Were
iv) Use of Had
v)
Use of ‘if’ in
conditional clauses
vi) Direct and Indirect objects
v Part;3
i)
`Future Simple
ii)
Use of Will, Shall
iii) Reflexive Verbs
iv) Use of Will have, Shall have
v)
Link Verbs
vi) Delexical
verbs, adjectives
v Part;4
i)
`Use of May, Might
ii)
Use of Should, Would
iii) Use of Would
have, Should have, Might have
iv) Use of Can, Could
v)
Transitive and intransitive
verbs
·
References for
further learning
Habiba Kanwal (2014-908)
Lesson no; 1
An Introduction to Tenses
What is a Tense?
It is a
grammatical category that helps to locate a situation in time. The tenses can
be present, past or future.
Three major types of
Tenses;
d) Present
e) Past
f) Future
An introduction of tenses through a video from;
English
Grammar: Introduction to Tenses
Part 1;
Activity
no; 1
Definition;
The simple present or present
simple is one of the verb
forms associated with the present tense in modern English. It is
commonly referred to as a tense, although it also encodes certain information
about aspect in addition to present time.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_present
Different steps of the
activity;
ü Always
use 1st form of verbs through the given formula;
(Subject+
1st form of verb+ s/es with singular subject He, She, It+ Object).
ü Do
not use s/es with 1st form of verb while using plural subjects like;
We, They, You.
Activity
no; 2
o
Structure of sentence – Rules
•
Subject + 1st form of verb (or base verb) + Object
Note: If the subject in a sentence
is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun” then “s” or “es” is added to the
first form of verb or base form in the sentence.
Examples.
I write a letter.
I write a letter.
He gets up early in the morning.
Sun rises in east.
Negative Sentences;
• Subject + auxiliary verb +NOT + Main verb +object
• Subject + Do not/Does not + 1st form of verb (or base form) + object
Examples.
I do not write a letter.
I do not write a letter.
He does not get up early in the morning.
Sun does not rise in east.
Note: In negative sentence
auxiliary verb “do or does” along with “not” is used. If the subject in a
sentence is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun”, then “Does not” is used
after subject in sentence. If subject is “I, we, they, you or plural” then “Do
not” is used after subject in sentence. “S” or “es” is not added to main verb
in negative sentence
Interrogative Sentences;
• Auxiliary
verb + Subject + Main verb + Object
• Do/Does + Subject + 1st for of verb (or base verb) + Object
Examples.
Do I write a letter?
Do I write a letter?
Does he get up early in the morning?
Does sun rise in east?
Note: If the subject in a sentence
is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun” the sentence is started with
Auxiliary verb “Does”. If the subject in a sentence is “I, we, they, you or
plural” the sentence is started with auxiliary verb “Do”. “s” or “es” is not
added to main verb in Interrogative sentence
Activity
no; 3
More Examples
Positive Sentences;
I sing
a song.
He drinks water.
They read lessons.
Birds chirp.
John reaches home in time.
Water maintains its surface level.
Negative Sentences;
I do not sing a song.
He does not drink water.
They do not read lessons.
Birds do not chirp.
John does not reach home in time.
Water does not maintain its surface level.
Interrogative Sentences;
Do I sing a song?
Does he drink water?
Do they read lessons?
Do birds chirp?
Does John reach home in time?
Does water maintain its surface level?
www.gingersoftware.com/.../the-present-simple-tense/
The use of “to be, Is, Am, Are”
Article I.
The
simple present of the verb to be
This page will present the simple present of the verb to be:
·
its form
·
and its use
Article II.
The
verb to be
The verb to be is the most important verb
in the English language. It is difficult to use because it is an irregular verb
in almost all of its forms. In the simple present tense, to be is
conjugated as follows:
Article III.
Affirmative
forms of the verb to be
Subject
Pronouns
|
Full
Form
|
Contracted
Form
|
I
|
am
|
'm
|
You
|
are
|
're
|
he/she/it
|
Is
|
's
|
We
|
Are
|
're
|
You
|
Are
|
're
|
They
|
Are
|
're
|
Article IV.
Interrogative
forms of the verb to be:
Am
|
I?
|
Are
|
You?
|
Is
|
He/she/it?
|
Are
|
We?
|
Are
|
You?
|
Are
|
They?
|
Article V.
Negative
Forms of the verb to be:
Subject
Pronouns
|
Full
Form
|
Contracted
Form
|
I
|
am not
|
'm not
|
You
|
are not
|
aren't
|
he/she/it
|
is not
|
isn't
|
We
|
are not
|
aren't
|
You
|
are not
|
aren't
|
They
|
are not
|
aren't
|
Examples:
·
Is Brad Pitt French?
·
No, he isn't.
He's American.
·
What about Angelina Jolie? Is she
American, too?
·
Yes, she is.
She is American.
·
Are brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie French?
·
No, they aren't.
They are American.
Article VI. Use of the simple present of to be
The principal use of the simple present is to refer to an action
or event that takes place habitually, but with the verb "to be" the
simple present tense also refers to a present or general state, whether temporary,
permanent or habitual.
·
I am happy.
·
She is helpful.
The verb to be in the simple present can be also used to refer to
something that is true at the present moment.
·
She is 20
years old.
·
He is a
student.
Article VII. Remember:
- I, you, he, she, it, you, they are subject pronouns (also
called personal pronouns, a term used to include both
subject and object pronouns.)
- Am, are, is are
forms of the verb to be in the simple present.
- 'm, 're, 's are
short (contracted) forms of am, are, is
- 'm not, aren't, isn't are
short (contracted forms) of am not, are not, is not.
Learn more about the use of the simple present of other verbs
Exercise on the simple present of the verb to be
Exercise on the simple present of the verb to be
The
use of Has, Have
Article VIII.
FORMING
THE PRESENT PERFECT
The present perfect of
any verb is composed of two elements: the appropriate form of the auxiliary
verb to have (present tense), plus the past participle
of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed,
e.g. played, arrived, looked. For irregular verbs, see the Table
of irregular verbs in the section called 'Verbs'.
Affirmative
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subject
|
to have
|
past participle
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
She
|
Has
|
visited.
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Negative
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subject
|
to have + not
|
past participle
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
She
|
has not (hasn't)
|
Visited.
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interrogative
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
to have
|
Subject
|
past participle
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Has
|
She
|
Visited?
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Negative interrogative
Article IX.
TO WALK, PRESENT PERFECT
Article X.
FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
The Present Perfect is used to indicate a link between the
present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not
specified, and we are often more interested in the result than
in the action itself.
BE CAREFUL! There may be a verb tense in your
language with a similar form, but the meaning is probably NOT the same.
Article XI.
THE PRESENT PERFECT IS USED TO DESCRIBE
Article XII.
ACTIONS STARTED IN THE PAST AND CONTINUING IN THE
PRESENT
Article XIII.
WHEN THE TIME PERIOD REFERRED TO HAS NOT FINISHED
Article XIV.
ACTIONS REPEATED IN AN UNSPECIFIED PERIOD BETWEEN
THE PAST
AND NOW.
Article XV.
ACTIONS COMPLETED IN THE VERY RECENT PAST (+JUST)
Article XVI.
WHEN THE PRECISE TIME OF THE ACTION IS NOT
IMPORTANT OR
NOT
KNOWN
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Here
are more links to learn present tense;
Zaib-un-Nisa (2014-904)
Part; 2
`Past
Simple
The past tense in English is used:
·
To talk about the past
·
To talk about hypotheses –
things that are imagined rather than true.
·
For politeness.
There are four past tense forms in English:
Past simple:
|
I worked
|
Past continuous:
|
I was working
|
Past perfect:
|
I had worked
|
Past perfect continuous:
|
I had been working
|
We use these forms:
·
to talk about the past:
He worked at McDonald’s.
He had worked there since July.
He was working at McDonald’s. He had been working since July.
·
to refer to the present or future in conditions:
He could get a new job if he really tried.
If Jack was playing they would probably win.
And hypotheses:
It might be dangerous. Suppose they got lost.
I would always help someone who really needed help.
And wishes:
I wish it wasn’t so cold.
·
In conditions, hypotheses and wishes,
if we want to talk about the past, we always use the past
perfect:
I would have helped him if he had asked.
It was very dangerous, What if you had got lost?
I wish I hadn’t spent so much money last month.
·
We can use the past
forms to talk about the present in a few polite
expressions:
Excuse me, I was wondering if
this was the train for York.
I just hoped you would be able to help me.
Article XVII.
Forms
With most verbs the past tense is formed by adding -ed:
Call >> called; like >> liked; want >> wanted;
work >> worked
But there are a lot of irregular past tenses in English. Here are
the most common irregular verbs in English, with their past tenses:
Infinitive
|
irregular past
|
be
begin break bring buy build choose come cost cut do draw drive eat feel find get give go have hear hold keep know leave lead let lie lose make mean meet pay put run say sell send set sit speak spend stand take teach tell think understand wear win write |
was/were
began broke brought bought built chose came cost cut did drew drove ate felt found got gave went had heard held kept knew left led let lay lost made meant met paid put ran said sold sent set sat spoke spent stood took taught told thought understood wore won wrote |
Article XVIII. Use
We use the past tense to talk about:
·
something that
happened once in the past:
I met my wife in 1983.
We went to Spain for our holidays.
They got home very late last night.
·
something that
happened again and again in the past:
When I was a boy I walked a
mile to school every day.
We swam a lot while we were on holiday.
They always enjoyed visiting their friends.
·
something that was true
for some time in the past:
I lived abroad for ten years.
He enjoyed being a student.
She played a lot of tennis when she was younger.
·
we often use phrases
with ago with the past tense:
I met my wife a long time ago.
Article XIX.
Questions
and negatives
We use did to make questions with
the past tense:
When did you meet your wife?
Where did you go for your holidays?
Did she play tennis when she was younger?
Did you live abroad?
But look at these questions:
Who discovered penicillin?
Who wrote Don Quixote?
For more on these questions see question forms
We use didn’t (did not) to make negatives with
the past tense:
They didn’t go to Spain this
year.
We didn’t get home until very late last night.
I didn’t see you yesterday.
We use the present
perfect to show that something has continued up to
the present
They’ve been married for nearly fifty years.
She has lived in Liverpool all her life.
… Or is important in the present:
I’ve lost my keys. I can’t get into the house.
Teresa isn’t at home. I think she has gone shopping.
The use of Was, Were
The past continuous is
formed from the past tense of be with
the -ing form
of the verb:
We use the past continuous to talk about the past:
·
for something which
continued before and after another action:
The children were doing their homework when I
got home.
Compare:
I got home. The children did their homework.
And the children did their homework when I got home.
As I was watching television the telephone rang.
This use of the past continuous is very common at the beginning of a story:
The other day I was waiting for
a bus when …
Last week as I was driving to work …
·
for something that
happened before and after a particular
time:
It was eight o’clock. I was writing a letter.
Compare:
At eight o’clock I wrote some letters.
In July she was working in McDonald’s.
·
.to show that
something continued for some time:
My head was aching.
Everyone was shouting.
·
for something that was
happening again and again:
I was practicing every day,
three times a day.
They were meeting secretly after school.
They were always quarrelling.
·
with verbs which
show change or growth:
The children were growing up quickly.
Her English was improving.
My hair was going grey.
We use the verb had and the past participle for the past perfect:
I had finished the work.
She had gone.
The past perfect continuous is formed with had
been and the -ing form of the verb:
I had been finishing the
work.
She had been going.
The past perfect is used in the same way as the present perfect,
but it refers to a time in the past, not the present.
We use the past perfect tense:
·
for something that started in the past and
continued up to a given time in the past:
When George died he and Anne had been
married for nearly fifty years.
She didn’t want to move. She had lived in Liverpool all her life.
We normally use the past
perfect continuous for
this:
She didn’t want to move. She had been
living in Liverpool all her life.
Everything was wet. It had been raining for hours.
·
for something we had done several times up to a point in
the past and continued to
do after that point:
He was a wonderful guitarist. He had
been playing ever since he was a teenager.
He had written three books and he was working on another one.
I had been watching the programme every week, but I missed the last episode.
We often use a clause with since to show
when something started in the past:
They had been staying with us since the
previous week.
I was sorry when the factory closed. I had worked there since I left school.
I had been watching that programme every week since it started, but I missed the last episode.
·
when we are reporting our
experience and including up to the (then) present:
My eighteenth birthday was the worst day I had
ever had.
I was pleased to meet George. I hadn’t met him before, even though I had met his wife several times.
·
for something that
happened in the past but is important at the time of reporting:
I couldn’t get into the house. I had
lost my keys.
Teresa wasn’t at home. She had gone shopping.
We use the past perfect to talk about the past in conditions, hypotheses and wishes:
I would have helped him if he
had asked.
It was very dangerous.
What if you had got lost?
I wish I hadn’t spent so much money last month.
We use the present
perfect continuous to
show that something has been continuing up to the present:
It’s been raining for hours.
We’ve been waiting here since six o’clock this morning.
We use the past
perfect to show that
something continued up to a time in
the past:
When George died he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years.
... Or was important at that time in the past:
I couldn’t get into the house. I had lost my keys.
Teresa wasn’t at home. She had gone shopping.
We use the past
perfect continuous to
show that something had been continuing up to a time in the past or was
important at that time in the past:
Everything was wet. It had been raining for hours.
He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager.
We use will with the perfect to show
that something will be complete at some time in
the future:
In a few years they will have discovered a cure for the common cold.
I can come out tonight. I'll have finished my homework by then.
We use would with the perfect to refer to something
that did not happen in the past but would have
happened if the
conditions had been right:
If you had asked me I would have helped you.
I would have helped you, but you didn’t ask me.
You didn’t ask me or I would have helped you.
We use other
models with
perfective aspect when we are looking
back from a point in
time when something might have happened, should have happened or would have
happened.
The point of time may be in the future:
We’ll meet again next week. We might have finished the work by then.
I will phone at six o’clock. He should have got home by then.
The present:
It’s getting late. They should have arrived by now.
He’s still not here. He must have missed his train.
Or the past:
I wasn’t feeling well. I must have eaten something bad.
I checked my cell phone. She could have left a message.
·
Conditionals
We use will in conditionals with if and unless to
say what we think will happen in the future or present:
I’ll give her a call if I can find
her number.
You won’t get in unless you have a ticket.
We use would to talk about hypotheses,
about something which is possible but not real:
·
to talk about the result
or effect of a possible situation:
It would be very expensive to
stay in a hotel.
·
In conditionals with
words like if and what if. In these
sentences the main verb is usually in the past tense:
I would give her a call if
I could find her number.
If I had the money I'd buy a new car.
You would lose weight if you took more exercise.
If he got a new job he would probably make more money.
What if he lost his job? What would happen then?
We use conditionals to give advice:
Dan will help you if you ask him.
Past tenses are more polite:
Dan would help you if you asked him.
·
Phrases
with would:
·
would
you…, would you
mind (not) -ing, for requests:
Would you carry this for me please?
Would you mind carrying this?
Would you mind not telling him that?
·
would
you like ...; would you
like to ..., for offers and invitations:
Would you like to come round tomorrow?
Would you like another drink?
·
I
would like …; I’d like …
(you)(to) ..., to say what we want or what we want to do:
I’d like that one please.
I’d like to go home now.
·
I’d
rather… (I would rather)
to say what we prefer:
I’d rather have that one.
I’d rather go home now.
·
I
would think, I would
imagine, I'd guess, to give an opinion when we
are not sure or when we want to be polite:
It’s very difficult I would imagine.
I would think that’s the right answer.
We use the perfective will have when we are looking back from a point in
time when something will have happened.
By the end of the decade scientists will have discovered a cure for influenza.
I will phone at six o’clock. He will have got home by then.
Or looking "back" from the present:
Look at the time. The match will have started.
It’s half past five. Dad will have finished work.
We use would have as the past tense form of will have:
I phoned at six o’clock. I knew he would have got home by then.
It was half past five. Dad would have finished work.
We use would have in past conditionals to talk about something that
did not happen:
If it had been a little warmer we would have gone for a swim.
He would have been very angry if he had seen you.
1. Some verbs have two objects –an indirect
object and a direct object:
Subject
|
Verb
|
Indirect object
|
Direct object
|
My wife
|
sent
|
Me
|
an email
|
He
|
brought
|
his mother
|
some flowers
|
He
|
cooked
|
all his friends
|
a delicious meal
|
These clauses have the structure: V + N (indirect object) + N
(direct object)
2. We can use a prepositional phrase with to or for with
an indirect object:
Subject
|
Verb
|
Direct object
|
Prepositional phrase
|
My wife
|
sent
|
an email
|
to me
|
He
|
brought
|
some flowers
|
for his mother
|
He
|
cooked
|
a delicious meal
|
For all his friends.
|
These clauses have the structure: V + N (direct object) +
Prepositional phrase (indirect object)
3. Common verbs with for and
an indirect object are:
·
book
·
buy
·
get
·
cook
·
keep
·
bring
·
make
·
pour
·
save
·
find
They booked a table for
me at the restaurant.
We made toys for all the children.
4. Common verbs with to and
an indirect object are:
·
give
·
lend
·
offer
·
pass
·
post
·
read
·
sell
·
send
·
show
·
promise
·
tell
He gave his programme to
the man sitting next to him.
They sent Christmas cards to all their customers.
5. If the indirect object is a long
phrase we normally use to or for:
He showed his ticket to
the policeman standing by the door.
We kept something to eat and drink for all the people who arrived late.
6. If the indirect object is a pronoun we
normally use the N + V + N + N pattern:
I poured him another
drink.
Their mother read them another story.
Qasim
Mahmood (2014-907)
Part 3:
Future Tense
We use ‘will’ to talk about the future:
·
When we make predictions:
It will be a nice day tomorrow.
I think Brazil will win the World Cup.
I’m sure you will enjoy the film.
·
To mean want to
or be willing to:
I hope you will come to my party.
George says he will help us.
·
To make offers and
promises:
I'll see you tomorrow.
We'll send you an email.
·
To talk about offers and promises:
Tim will be at the meeting.
Mary will help with the cooking.
We use modals may, might, and could when we are not sure about the future:
I might stay at home tonight, or I might go to the cinema.
We could see Mary at the meeting. She sometimes goes.
6. We can use should if we think something is likely to happen:
We should be home in time for tea.
The game should be over by eight o’clock.
·
Beliefs
We use will
·
to say what we believe
will happen in the future:
We'll be late.
We will have to take the train.
We use would as the past tense of will:
·
to say what we
believed would happen:
I thought I would be late …… so
I would have to take the train.
·
Offers
and promises
We use I will or we
will to make offers and promises:
I’ll give you a lift home after the party.
We will come and see you next week.
·
Willingness
·
to talk about what
people want to do or are willing to do:
We’ll see you tomorrow.
Perhaps dad will lend me the car.
We use would as the past tense of will:
·
to talk about what
people wanted to do or were willing to do:
We had a terrible night. The baby wouldn’t
go to sleep. He kept waking up and crying.
Dad wouldn’t lend me the car, so we had to take the train.
Dad wouldn’t lend me the car, so we had to take the train.
·
to talk about something
that we did often in the past because we wanted to do it:
When they were children they used to spend their
holidays at their grandmother’s at the seaside. They would get up early
every morning and they’d have a quick breakfast then they would
run across the road to the beach.
Article XX.
Reflexive
verbs
1 The reflexive pronouns (see pronouns) are:
Singular:
|
myself; yourself; himself; herself; itself
|
Plural:
|
ourselves; yourselves; themselves
|
We use a reflexive pronoun after a transitive
verb (see Clauses, Sentences and Phrases) when the direct
object is the same as the subject of the verb:
I am teaching myself to play the piano.
Be careful with that knife. You might cut yourself.
These are the verbs most often found with reflexive pronouns:
·
cut
·
dry
·
enjoy
·
hurt
·
introduce
·
kill
·
prepare
·
teach
Some verbs change their meaning slightly when they
have a reflexive pronoun as direct object:
·
amuse
·
apply
·
busy
·
content
·
behave
·
blame
·
distance
·
express
·
find
·
help
·
see
Would you like to help yourself to another
drink?
|
=
|
Would you like to take another drink?
|
I wish the children would behave
themselves.
|
=
|
I wish the children would behave well.
|
He found himself lying by the side of the
road.
|
=
|
He was surprised when he realised that he was
at the side of the road.
|
I saw myself as a famous actor.
|
=
|
I imagined that I was a famous actor.
|
She applied herself to the job of mending the
lights.
|
=
|
She worked very hard to mend the lights.
|
He busied himself in the kitchen.
|
=
|
He worked busily in the kitchen.
|
I had to content myself with a few Euros.
|
=
|
I had to be satisfied with a few Euros.
|
The verb enjoy always has an object:
We all enjoyed the party.
I really enjoyed my lunch.
If enjoy has no other object, we use a
reflexive pronoun:
They all enjoyed à they all enjoyed themselves.
I really enjoyed à I really enjoyed myself.
NOTE: We do not use a reflexive pronoun after verbs
which describe things people usually do for themselves:
He washed in cold water.
He always shaved before going out in the evening.
Michael dressed and got ready for the party.
We only use reflexives with
these verbs for emphasis:
He dressed himself in spite
of his injuries.
She’s old enough to wash herself.
·
Wishes
We use past tense forms to talk about wishes:
·
We use past tense
modals would and could to talk
about wishes for the future:
I don’t like my work. I wish I
could get a better job.
That’s a dreadful noise. I wish it would stop.
I always have to get home early. I wish my parents would let me stay out later.
·
We use past
tense forms to talk about wishes for the present:
I don’t like this place. I wish I
lived in somewhere more interesting.
These seats are very uncomfortable. I wish we were travelling first class.
Everyone wishes they had more free time.
John wishes he wasn’t so busy.
I wish it wasn’t so cold.
·
We use the past
perfect to talk about wishes for the past:
I wish I had worked harder when I was at school.
Mary wishes she had listened to what her mother told her.
I wish I hadn’t spent so much money last month.
·
Hypotheses (things that we imagine)
Hypotheses (things that we imagine)
When we are talking about hypotheses:
·
We use present
tense forms after phrases like what if, in
case and suppose to talk about the
future if we think it is likely to happen:
Those steps are dangerous. Suppose
someone has an accident.
We should leave home early in case we are late.
·
We use a past
tense form to talk about the future after suppose and what
if to suggest something is not likely to happen:
It might be dangerous. Suppose they
got lost.
What if he lost his job? What would happen then?
·
We use modals would, could for
a hypothesis about the future:
We can’t all stay in a hotel. It would
be very expensive.
Drive carefully. You could have an accident.
·
We use would in
the main clause and the past in a subordinate clause to
talk about the imagined future:
I would always help someone who really needed help.
I would always help someone if they really needed it.
·
We use modals with have to
talk about something that did not happen in the past:
I did not see Mary, or I might have
spoken to her.
It’s a pity Jack wasn’t at the party. He would have enjoyed this party.
Why didn’t you ask me? I could have told you the answer.
The verb be has the following forms:
Present simple:
|
Affirmative
|
I am
You are He/She/It is |
We are
You are They are |
Question form:
|
Am I?
Are you? Is he/she it? |
Are we?
Are you? Are they? |
|
Negative:
|
I am not/ I’m not
You are not/ aren’t He/She/It is not/ isn’t |
We are not/aren’t
You are not/aren’t They are not/aren't |
|
Past simple
|
I was
You were He/She/It was |
We were
You were They were |
|
The past participle:
|
Been.
|
||
Present perfect:
|
has/have been
|
||
Past perfect:
|
had been
|
The verb be is used in the following
patterns:
1. with a noun:
My mother is a teacher.
Bill Clinton was the president of the US.
2. with an adjective:
This soup is very tasty.
The children were good.
2.1 With the -ing form to make the
continuous aspect
We were walking down the
street.
Everything was wet. It had been raining for hours.
2.2 With the -ed form to make the
passive voice
The house was built in 1890.
The street is called Montagu Street.
This car was made in Japan.
3. with a prepositional phrase:
John and his wife are from Manchester.
The flowers are on the table.
Some verbs are followed by either a noun or an adjective:
She was a good friend.
|
=
|
N + V + N
|
She was very happy.
|
=
|
N + V + Adj.
|
He became headmaster.
|
=
|
N + V + N
|
He became angry.
|
=
|
N + V + Adj.
|
These verbs are called link verbs. Common verbs like this are:
·
be
·
become
·
appear
·
feel
·
look
·
remain
·
seem
·
sound
She seemed an intelligent
woman.
She seemed intelligent.
He looked hungry.
He looked a good player.
After appear and seem we
often use to be:
She appeared to be an intelligent
woman.
He seemed to be angry.
Some link verbs are followed by an adjective. Common
verbs like this are:
·
get
·
go
·
grow
·
taste
·
smell
He got hungry in the evening.
She grew stronger every day.
Article XXI.
have, take, make, give, go and do
have, take, make, give, go and do
We often use common verbs like have and take with
nouns like a shower, a drink:
I took a shower. = I showered.
She had a drink. = She drank something.
We call these delexical verbs because the
important part of the meaning is taken out of the verb
and put into the noun.
We often put adjectives in front of the noun:
I took a cold shower.
She had a nice, refreshing drink.
The verbs used most frequently in this way are:
have
take make give
Article XXII.
have
have
We use have with:
Food and drink: a meal, breakfast, lunch, dinner, a snack, a cup of tea
Talking: a chat, a conversation, a discussion, a talk
Washing: a bath, a shower, a wash, a scrub
Resting: a break, a holiday, a rest
Disagreeing: an argument, a dispute, a fight, a quarrel
I had a good breakfast before I
left home.
We had a long talk about the problem.
The kids should have a bath before they go to bed.
She generally had a short holiday in July or August.
They had a serious quarrel about their father’s will.
We also use have with nouns formed
from verbs:
I think you should have a look at
this.
She had a bite of the cake.
I’m thirsty. I’m going to have a drink of water.
I had a listen to that new CD in the car.
They are going to have a swim
Saman
Rasheed (2014-922)
Model verbs and their
different uses;
The modal verbs are:
Can
|
Could
|
May
|
Might
|
Shall
|
Should
|
Will
|
Would
|
We use modal verbs to show if we believe something
is certain, probable or possible (or not). We also use modals to do things like
talking about ability, asking permission making requests and offers, and so on.
The modal verbs are can, could, may, might, shall, should, will and would.
The models are used to show that we believe something is certain,
probable or possible:
Article XXIII. Possibility:
We use the modals could, might and may to
show that something is possible in the future, but not certain:
They might come later. (=
Perhaps/Maybe they will come later.)
They may come by car. (= Perhaps/Maybe they will come by car.)
If we don’t hurry we could be late. (= Perhaps/Maybe we will be late)
We use could have, might have and may
have to show that something was possible now or
at some time in the past:
It’s ten o’clock. They might have arrived
now.
They could have arrived hours ago.
We use the modal can to make general
statements about what is possible:
It can be very cold in
winter. (= It is sometimes very cold in winter)
You can easily lose your way in the dark. (= People often lose their way in the dark)
We use the modal could as the past tense
of can:
It could be very cold in
winter. (= Sometimes it was very cold in winter.)
You could lose your way in the dark. (= People often lost their way in the dark)
Article XXIV. Impossibility:
We use the negative can’t or cannot to
show that something is impossible:
That can’t be true.
You cannot be serious.
We use couldn’t/could not to
talk about the past:
We knew it could not be true.
He was obviously joking. He could not be serious.
Article XXV.
Probability:
We use the modal must to show we
are sure something to be true and we have reasons for our belief:
It’s getting dark. It must be quite
late.
You haven’t eaten all day. You must be hungry.
We use must have for the past:
They hadn’t eaten all day. They must
have been hungry.
You look happy. You must have heard the good news.
We use the modal should to suggest that
something is true or will be true in the future, and to show you have reasons
for your suggestion:
Ask Miranda. She should know.
It's nearly six o'clock. They should arrive soon.
We use should have to talk about the past:
It's nearly eleven o'clock. They should
have arrived by now.
The modal verbs are can, could, may, might, shall, should, will and would.
The models are used to do things like talking about ability,
asking permission making requests, and so on.
Article XXVI. Ability:
We use can to talk about someone’s skill
or general abilities:
She can speak several
languages.
He can swim like a fish.
They can’t dance very well.
We use can to talk about the ability to do
something at a given time in the present or future:
You can make a lot of money if
you are lucky.
Help. I can’t breathe.
They can run but they can’t hide.
We use could to talk about past time:
She could speak several
languages.
They couldn’t dance very well.
We use could have to say that someone had
the ability/opportunity to do something, but did not do it:
She could have learned Swahili,
but she didn’t have time.
I could have danced all night [but didn't].
Article XXVII. Permission:
We use can to ask for permission to do
something:
Can I ask a question, please?
Can we go home now?
Could is more formal and polite than can:
Could I ask a question please?
Could we go home now?
May is another more formal and polite way of asking
for permission:
May I ask a question please?
May we go home now?
We use can to give permission:
You can go home now if you like.
You can borrow my pen if you like.
May is a more formal and polite way of giving permission:
You may go home now, if you like.
We use can to say that someone has
permission to do something:
We can go out whenever we want.
Students can travel free.
May is a more formal and polite way of saying
that someone has permission:
Students may travel free.
Article XXVIII. Instructions and requests:
We use could you and would
you as polite ways of telling or asking someone to do
something:
Could you take a message please?
Would you carry this for me please?
Could I have my bill please?
Can and will are less polite:
Can you take a message please?
Will you carry this for me please?
Article XXIX. Suggestions and advice:
We use should to make suggestions and give
advice:
You should send an email.
We should go by train.
We use could to make suggestions:
We could meet at the weekend.
You could eat out tonight.
We use conditionals to give advice:
Dan will help you if
you ask him.
Past tenses are more polite:
Dan would help you if you
asked him.
Article XXX.
Offers
and invitations:
We use can I… and to make offers:
Can I help you?
Can I do that for you?
We can also use shall I …
Shall I help you with that?
Shall I call you on your mobile?
We sometime say I can ... or I
could ... or I’ll (I will) ... to make
an offer:
I can do that for you if you like.
I can give you a lift to the station.
I’ll do that for you if you like.
I’ll give you a lift to the station.
We use would you like (to) ... for invitations:
Would you like to come round tomorrow?
Would you like another drink?
We use you must or we
must for a very polite invitation:
You must come round and see us.
We must meet again soon.
Article XXXI. Obligation and necessity
We use must to say that it is necessary to
do something:
You must stop at a red light.
Everyone must bring something to eat.
You can wear what you like, but you must look neat and tidy.
I’m sorry, but you mustn’t make a noise in here.
We use had to for this if we are talking
about the past:
Everyone had to bring something to eat.
We could wear what we liked, but we had to look neat and tidy.
·
Questions
and negatives:
We make questions by putting the subject
after can/could:
Can I …? Can you …? Could I … Could you …? And so on.
The negative form is can’t in
spoken English and cannot in written English.
We sometimes say cannot, but it is very emphatic.
The negative form of could is couldn’t in
spoken English and could not in written English.
We sometimes say could not.
We use can and can’t:
·
To talk about ability:
Maria can speak four languages.
I can’t swim, but my sister can.
·
To say that something
is possible or impossible:
Learning English can be difficult
[= Learning English is sometimes difficult.]
Children can be very naughty [= Children are sometimes very naughty.]
It’s still light. It can’t be bedtime.
·
For requests and refusals of
requests
Can I go home now?
You can go whenever you like.
You can borrow the car today, but you can’t have it tomorrow.
·
To offer to
help someone:
Can I help you?
Can I carry that bag for you?
We use could and couldn’t as
the past tense of can/can’t:
·
To talk about ability:
I could run very fast when I was younger.
She couldn’t get a job anywhere.
·
To say that something
was possible or impossible:
Our teacher could be very
strict when we were at school. [= Some teachers were very strict.]
People could starve in those days. [= People sometimes starved.]
You couldn’t use computers in the nineteenth century.
·
To make a polite
request:
Could I go now please?
Could you lend me a dictionary please?
·
To make a polite
offer:
Could I give you a lift?
I could carry that for you.
We use could have:
·
to show that something
is possible now or was possible at some time in the past:
It’s ten o’clock. They could have
arrived now.
They could have arrived hours ago.
We use will:
·
to talk about the future
– to say what we believe will happen
·
to talk about what
people want to do or are willing to do
·
to make promises and
offers
Would is the past tense form of will.
Because it is a past tense it is used:
·
To talk about the past.
·
To talk about hypotheses
– things that are imagined rather than true.
·
For politeness.
Article XXXII.
Ergative verbs
1. Ergative verbs are both transitive and intransitive:
Peter closed the door
|
Transitive: N + V + N
|
|
The door closed
|
Intransitive: N + V
|
|
I boiled a pan of water
|
Transitive: N + V + N
|
|
The pan boiled
|
Intransitive: N + V
|
2. Common ergative verbs are:
·
begin
·
break
·
change
·
close
·
drop
·
crack
·
dry
·
end
·
finish
·
grow
·
improve
·
increase
·
move
·
open
·
shake
·
start
·
stop
·
tear
·
turn
I broke the glass.
I dropped the glass and it broke.
The referee blew his whistle and started the
match.
The match started at 2.30.
We grew some tasty potatoes.
The potatoes were growing well.
The wind shook the trees.
The trees shook in the wind.
3. Many verbs to do with cooking are ergative
verbs:
·
bake
·
boil
·
cook
·
defrost
·
freeze
·
melt
·
roast
You should roast the meat at 200 degrees
centigrade.
The meat was roasting in a hot oven.
I always defrost meat before I cook it.
I am waiting for the meat to defrost.
Melt the chocolate and pour it over the ice cream.
The chocolate was melting in a pan.
4. Verbs to do with vehicles are often ergative:
·
back
·
crash
·
drive
·
fly
·
reverse
·
run
·
sail
·
start
·
stop
I’m learning to fly a plane.
The plane flew at twice the speed of sound.
He crashed his car into a tree.
His car crashed into a tree.
5. We use some ergative verbs with only a few
nouns:
·
Catch: dress, coat, clothes, trousers etc.
·
Fire: Gun, pistol, rifle, rocket.
·
Play: guitar, music, piano, violin, CD, DVD etc.
·
ring: bell, alarm
She caught her dress on a nail.
Her dress caught on a nail.
He fired a pistol to start the race.
A pistol fired to start the race.
English Grammar | learn English | British
Council
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/simple_past_use.htm
(a)
English Grammar
Reference Lessons
This is a list of grammar lessons arranged in different
categories:
1. English tenses,
2. Clauses,
3. Other grammar points.
Study the lessons and then click on the exercises links at the
bottom of the pages to check your comprehension!
Enjoy learning!
English
Tenses –Review
|
Clauses
|
Gerund
and infinitive
|
Modals
|
Object
and predicate
|
Parts
of Speech
|
Adjectives
and adverbs
|
Nouns
|
Pronouns
|
Verbs
|
Prepositions
|
Conjunctions
and interjections
|
Determiners
|
Questions
|
Other
Grammar Points
|
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